1. Free Browsers For Mac
2. How To Install Internet Browser
3. How To Get A New Browser
4. How To Download A Browser Through Terminal Mac Os

Mac as a Unix based system has a lot of resources to accomplish a lot of tasks from the terminal. How to download a file in a Mac from the terminal. The best tool you can use with a Mac to download a file is curl, so first go to the folder you want to download the file to and issue this command. Searching on Google I found the answer. Xdg-open opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application. If a URL is provided the URL will be opened in the user's preferred web browser. If a file is provided the file will be opened in the preferred application for files of that.

These advanced steps are primarily for system administrators and others who are familiar with the command line. You don't need a bootable installer to upgrade macOS or reinstall macOS, but it can be useful when you want to install on multiple computers without downloading the installer each time.

Mac, Windows, and Linux systems have a hosts file that locally does the work of the public DNS – translating host names (typed on browser address field) to IP address numbers. Show text file contents to the Terminal console: cat /etc/hosts The default contents: 127.0.0.1 localhost 255.255.255.255 broadcasthost::1 localhost fe80::1%lo0 localhost. The Windows Terminal is a modern, fast, efficient, powerful, and productive terminal application for users of command-line tools and shells like Command Prompt, PowerShell, and WSL. Its main features include multiple tabs, panes, Unicode and UTF-8 character support, a GPU accelerated text rendering engine, and custom themes, styles,. Get Firefox, a free web browser backed by Mozilla, a non-profit dedicated to internet health and privacy. Available now on Windows, Mac, Linux, Android and iOS.

Download macOS

Find the appropriate download link in the upgrade instructions for each macOS version:

macOS Catalina, macOS Mojave, ormacOS High Sierra
Installers for each of these macOS versions download directly to your Applications folder as an app named Install macOS Catalina, Install macOS Mojave, or Install macOS High Sierra. If the installer opens after downloading, quit it without continuing installation. Important: To get the correct installer, download from a Mac that is using macOS Sierra 10.12.5 or later, or El Capitan 10.11.6. Enterprise administrators, please download from Apple, not a locally hosted software-update server.

OS X El Capitan
El Capitan downloads as a disk image. On a Mac that is compatible with El Capitan, open the disk image and run the installer within, named InstallMacOSX.pkg. It installs an app named Install OS X El Capitan into your Applications folder. You will create the bootable installer from this app, not from the disk image or .pkg installer.

The next insanely popular Web browser on the list is “Google Chrome“. Google Chrome is the most widely used Web browser on the internet with over billions of users worldwide. This Web browser uses the Blink engine which is written in C, and the majority of its source code is available through the open-source project Chromium. A new and emerging browser for Mac, Brave is secure, private and fast. Brave is open source and focuses on your privacy. Brave is a lightweight Mac browser. Features of Brave: It is 8 times faster than regular browsers. It blocks ads, trackers, and unwanted content so you don’t have to deal with them.

Use the 'createinstallmedia' command in Terminal

1. Connect the USB flash drive or other volume that you're using for the bootable installer. Make sure that it has at least 12GB of available storage and is formatted as Mac OS Extended.
2. Open Terminal, which is in the Utilities folder of your Applications folder.
3. Type or paste one of the following commands in Terminal. These assume that the installer is still in your Applications folder, and MyVolume is the name of the USB flash drive or other volume you're using. If it has a different name, replace MyVolume in these commands with the name of your volume.
   Catalina:*
   Mojave:*
   
   High Sierra:*
   El Capitan:
   
4. Press Return after typing the command.
5. When prompted, type your administrator password and press Return again. Terminal doesn't show any characters as you type your password.
6. When prompted, type Y to confirm that you want to erase the volume, then press Return. Terminal shows the progress as the bootable installer is created.
7. When Terminal says that it's done, the volume will have the same name as the installer you downloaded, such as Install macOS Catalina. You can now quit Terminal and eject the volume.

* If your Mac is using macOS Sierra or earlier, include the --applicationpath argument, similar to the way this argument is used in the command for El Capitan.

Use the bootable installer

After creating the bootable installer, follow these steps to use it:

1. Plug the bootable installer into a compatible Mac.
2. Use Startup Manager or Startup Disk preferences to select the bootable installer as the startup disk, then start up from it. Your Mac will start up to macOS Recovery.
   Learn about selecting a startup disk, including what to do if your Mac doesn't start up from it.
3. Choose your language, if prompted.
4. A bootable installer doesn't download macOS from the Internet, but it does require the Internet to get information specific to your Mac model, such as firmware updates. If you need to connect to a Wi-Fi network, use the Wi-Fi menu in the menu bar.
5. Select Install macOS (or Install OS X) from the Utilities window, then click Continue and follow the onscreen instructions.

Learn more

For more information about the createinstallmedia command and the arguments that you can use with it, make sure that the macOS installer is in your Applications folder, then enter this path in Terminal:

Catalina:

Mojave:

High Sierra:

El Capitan:

Make things happen quickly without touching the mouse

• Text wrapping
• Default editor
• Foreground processes and background jobs
• Folders accessed by developers
• Terminal File Listing Home Folder
• Create Terminal Aliases
• Root user for sudo commands
• Create Windows-like shortcuts with parameters using text editor

This tutorial describes how to make use of the macOS Terminal to make your life easier and less frustrating.

What Apple calls the Terminal is what Linux people call the shell console (more specifically, the Bash shell). It’s also called a command-line terminal, abbreviated as CLI.

Information here is often used in interview questions.

Open Terminal (several ways)

On the Mac, the Terminal app is kinda buried, probably perhaps because those who use a MacOS laptop just for social media probably won’t need a Terminal.

But if you’re a developer, it’s hard to get away from using a CLI.

There are different ways to open a Terminal command line.

My preferrence is a way that doesn’t require reaching for a mouse and using the least number of keystrokes:

1. Press command+space keys (at the same time) to bring up Apple’s Spotlight universial search, then
2. Type “termin” so “Terminal.app” appears.
3. Press the space bar to select it.
   

Alternately, if you prefer moving your mouse:

1. Click the Finder icon on the app bar.
2. Click Applications on the left pane.
3. Click Utilities.
4. Click Terminal.
   

PROTIP: If you are at the Finder program (since Yosemite) you can open a Terminal to a folder listed within Finder by pointing your mouse on it, then tapping with two fingers on the touchpad/mousepad.To enable that:

1. Click the Apple icon, System Preferences....
2. Press K and select Keyboard.
3. Click Shortcuts, Services.
4. Scroll to the Files and Folders section.
5. Check on New Terminal at Folder.
6. Close the dialog by clicking the red dot at the upper left corner.

Bash shell invocations

I put in an echo in the various files that macOS executes upon user login, when a new terminal is opened, and when a bash shell is invoked:

When macOS logs in a user, it executes file /etc/profile. That file’s code:

echo ${BASH-no} resolves to /usr/local/bin/bash.

The /etc/bashrc file contains:

The above defines the $PS1 variable which sets the Terminal’s prompt to the left of the cursor.

NOTE: On Ubuntu, instead of /etc/bashrc, the file is /etc/bash.bashrc.

RedHat also executes /etc/profile.d if the shell invoked is an “Interactive Shell” (aka Login Shell) where a user can interact with the shell, i.e. your Terminal bash prompt.

Thus, whatever is specified in /etc/profile is NOT invoked for “non-interactive” shells invoked when a user cannot manually interact with it, i.e. a Bash script execution.

PROTIP: One can change those files, but since operating system version upgrades can replace them without notice, it’s better to create a file that is not supplied by the vendor, and within each user’s $HOME folder: ~/.bash_profile

In other words, file /etc/profile is the system wide version of ~/.bash_profile for all users.

Examples of custom settings include:

export HISTSIZE=1000 # sets the size of .bash_history lines of command history (500 by default)

User Mask for permissions

Wikipedia says umask controls how file permissions are set for newly created files. Please read it for the whole story on this.

1. To identify the User Mask for permissions:

   Since the default is “0022”:-S shows the symbolic equivalent to “0022” for u=user, g=group, o=others :

   r is for readable, x is for eXecutable by the user.

2. To set the User Mask for permissions:

   UMASK 077

Within Text Editors/IDEs

Many prefer the terminals built into VS Code and other editors/IDEs.

Text wrapping

This page contains notes for system administrators and developers,who need to control Macs below the UI level, which requiretyping commands into a command-line terminal screen.

1. To avoid text wrapping, cursor on the right edge to expand the screen width.

Hyper terminal app

Get the .dmg installer from the websitehttps://hyper.is. It’s used by tutorials author Wes Bos.

Unlike Apple’s Terminal, which is closed-source, Hyper is an open-source and extensible terminal emulator. It is available on MacOS, Windows, and Linux because it’s built using Electron (the same platform that powers Atom, Slack, and Brave). So it can be slow.

To customize Hyper, add the name of many packages to its config file ~/.hyper.js. Build an extension based on hyper.is/#extensions-api.

iTerm2 for split pane

Many prefer to install and use iTerm2 instead of the built-in Terminal program.Install iTerm2 using Homebrew:

Terminal does not support but iTerm2 does support dividing the CLI into several rectangular “panes”, each of which is a different terminal session:

• split window vertically with Command+D
• split window horizontally with Command+Shift+D
• Navigate among panes with command-opt-arrow or cmd+[ and cmd+]
• Temporarily toggle maximize the current pane (hiding all others) with command-shift-enter
• Exit out a pane by typing exit in that pane
  

Pressing the shortcut again restores the hidden panes.

On Linux, there is the screen command.

See Iterm2 Cheat Sheet of iTerm2 keyboard shortcuts. https://github.com/nobitagit/iterm-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md

Alphabetical Commands list

A list of all commands native to macOS is listed alphabetically at https://ss64.com/osx.

Exit

To exit from the Terminal shell:

exit

Get back in for the remainder of this tutorial.

Shutdown

CAUTION: To kill all apps and shutdown a Mac right away (with no warning and no dialog):

sudo shutdown -h now

Text Command Line Bash Shortcuts

These come from the bash terminal on Linux machines here: Press control with your pinkie, then …

• control + C = Close processing
• control + L = cLear screen
• control + A = Go to Beginning of line (as in A to Z)
• control + E = Go to End of line (hit E using longest finger)
• control + F = Forward cursor
• control + B = Backward
  
• control + H = Backspace left of cursor
• control + D = Delete right of cursor
  
• control + K = Kill line from under the cursor to the end of the line.
• control + U = 'U get out of here' - Clear entire line
  
• control + P = Previous line
  
• control + N = Next line
• control + Y = Retrieve line
  
• control + ` = cycle through session windows
• control + left = previous session
• control + right = previous session

Environment Variables

A big reason to use a command-line terminal is to set environment variables.

Like on PCs, the PATH system environment variable storeswhere the operating system should look to find a particular program to execute.

1. To see what is already defined:

   The listing such as this, which declares the “XPC_FLAGS” system variable:

   declare -x XPC_FLAGS=”0x0”

   This talks about setting launchd.conf and rebooting.This applies to all users.

2. To see what is defined:

   PROTIP: $PATH must be upper case.

   The response I’m getting includes:

   /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin

   Notice colon (:) separator used in Mac and Linux vs. semicolons used in Windows PATH.

Default editor

1. The command to invoke the default editor is defined by a variable:

   By default, it’s TextMate:

   If you want to change it to nano or other editor, see My tutorial on text editors.

2. On Terminal session, copy what has been typed and open the default text editor so you can edit the command:

   Alternately, (which also works in Linux) while holding down the control key, press X and E together:

   control + X + E

3. Make changes, then copy all, switch or exit to the Terminal, then paste.

   Switch among programs

4. To switch among programs already running in macOS, hold down the command key while pressing tab multiple times until the program you want is highlighted (with its name) in the pop-up list. This is equivalent to the Windows control+Esc key combo.

Command history

1. List previous command history:

   This is the same as:

   PROTIP: History does not display commands entered with a leading space.

2. Cursor up and press Enter to re-execute.

3. Press control + R to begins a “reverse incremental search” through your command history,then type, it retrieves the most recent command that contains all the text you enter. Much better than something like:

4. Press control + S to reverse the mode.

5. Clear history:

   The clear command does not clear history.

   See history at sstr.com

6. Clear the terminal history:

   clear

Foreground processes and background jobs

1. List the first process (with Parent process ID of 0) launched (into user space) at boot by the system kernel:

   f adds columns for status of the command (CMD) to invoke the process:

   By contrast, on Linux system, the first CMD is /lib/systemd/systemd.

2. To list all processes, don’t specify 1

   PID given process name

3. To list the process ID given a process name such as “firefox”:

   This can be generalized in a shell program containing:

   Alternately, Linux has a command which returns the PID associated with a process name. But it’s not avaiable on macOS, so:

4. install it using Homebrew:

5. To emulate a long-running process in the foreground:

   No additional commands can be accepted.

6. To kill the current process, press control + C.

   background jobs

7. Run a program in the background with the &:

8. List jobs (processes) running in the background:

   Suspend control+Z

9. Do it again:

10. To suspend the process, press control + Z. The response is like:

    [1] shows the PID.

    Internally, this sends a “20) SIGTSTP” signal to the process.

11. To have the process continue (internally sending a “18) SIGCONT”:

12. List processes

13. Copy the PID (Process Identifier) number for use in the kill command, such as:

14. There are many ways to kill a process:

15. To kill a specific process, ee need to specify its PID (Process Identifier):

    Some applications are written to receive a sigterm so that it can take steps to gracefully cleanup and exit.

    The key ones, in order of aggressiveness:

    kill 289 # sends sigterm
    kill -15 289 # sends sigterm
    kill -2 289 # sends sigint
    kill -1 289 # sends sighup
    kill -9 289 # sends sigkill signal to the kernel without notifying the app, a “dirty shutdown” used when the app is misbehaving.
    

    List open files

16. To list process id’s and port (such as 8080), use the “list open files” command:

    PROTIP: Use grep to filter because the response is usually too many lines.

    (You’ll need to provide your password).

    The right-most column heading 'NAME' shows the port(either TCP or UDP).

Folders accessed by developers

1. In Finder, select from the left panel the first item under the Devices list.

2. Click on Macintosh HD.

   • Applications hold apps installed.
   • Incompatible Software hold apps which cannot be installed,such as Amazon Kindle, which competes with Apple's iBooks.This occured during upgrade to Yosemite.
   • Library/Library holds Apple internal apps.
   • System hold apps installed.
   • Users hold data for each user defined,as well as a Shared folder accessible by all users.

   
   

3. Click on your username (wilsonmar in my case).

   This action is the same as clicking on the last default item under theFavorites list.

   Many WordPress developers prefer to add a folder named Siteswhich holds the wordpress folder expanded from download.

   vs. /etc in Linux

   VIDEO:On both Mac and Linux, the “et-see” folder contains system and program configuration files,for both default system and programs you install (such as “teamviewer”, etc.)

   /bin contains system

   /sbin are for system administrators such as ping, fdisk, mount, umount, etc.

Terminal File Listing Home Folder

By default, the Terminal shows the hard drive and lowest level file folder name, in white letters over black.

1. To show the present (current) working directory (folder):

   The response for me is:

   /Users/wilsonmar

   You will of course have a different machine user name than wilsonmar.

2. Note the pwd command is built internally to the Bash shell:

   The response:

   pwd is a shell builtin

3. To get back to the home folder:

   Alternately:

   Alternately, use the $OLDPWD environment variable that MacOS automatically maintains toremember the previous working directory so that you can switch back to it:

   List files and folders

4. List all file names (without any metadata):

   Folders available by default include Documents, Downloads, Pictures, Desktop, Music, Movies.

5. Note the ls command is an external command added to the Bash shell:

   The response lists where ls is defined:

   ls is hashed (/bin/ls)

6. Dive into a folder type:

7. Press Enter.

   Nothing happens because upper case letters are important.

8. Press delete to remove the mu and type:

9. Press Enter for the Music folder.

10. Go back up a level:

11. Create a Projects folder to hold projects downloaded from Github:

    -p specifies creating the parent folder if it doesn’t exist.

    This only needs to be done once.

    List files and folders

12. List all files with their permission settings:

    Notice that no hidden files are listed.

13. List all hidden files with permission settings,piping the listing to more instead of having results flying by:

    A colon appears at the bottom if there is more to show.

14. Cancel the listing, press control + C.

    Notice the .bashrc on the first page, something like:

    (It’s for the Bash Shell.)

15. If a file is not listed, create it with:

16. To make it rw r r:

17. List only hidden files in the current folder:

Show Hidden Invisible Files in Finder

By default, the Mac’s Finder does not show hidden files.

1. Close all Finder folders.

2. Enter this in Terminal before typing Return:

   This causes all Finder windows to be reset.

   To make invisible files visible again:

   A description of each keyword:

   defaults - OSX’s command to change defaults, apple’s low-level preference system.

   write - tells defaults you want to change a preference, or write it

   com.apple.finder - defaults that the application’s preferences you want to change is Finder, specified by the application’s bundle identifier.

   AppleShowAllFiles - specifies which preference you want to change within the application.

   TRUE or FALSE - the value you want to set the preference to. In this case, it is a boolean, so the values must be TRUE or FALSE. I think you might be able to use YES or NO, but I’m not sure.

   && - a terminal operator to run whatever’s after this if the command to its left is successful.

   killall - kills processes or closes applications.

   Finder - specifies the process or application to close.

For more on this, see this.

Create Terminal Aliases

Wireless up and down

Most developers leave files un-hidden.

1. To set wireless (device en0) up or down without clicking on the icon at the top:

   ifconfig en0 down

   This command requires sudo permissions.

2. Set alias command to just type showFiles andhideFiles to show and hide Mac OS X’s hidden files, considerthis article to create such terminal aliasesin the ~/.bash_profile script.

tree alias or brew install

OSX does not come with the tree command that many other Linux distributions provide. So add it using:

If you don’t want to install a program, add an alias for a tree command by adding this in the ~/.bash_profile script:

Alternately, add it by installing a command using brew:

Active Terminal sessions need to be closed so new Terminal | Shell | New Window | Shell has this activated.

See list of parameters:

List only 2 levels deep with human-readable file size kilobytes and sort by last modified date:

Cursor to Screen Hot Corners

By default, if you move the mouse to one of the corners of the screen,stuff happens. It can be annoying.

1. Click the Apple menu at the upper left corner.
2. Select System Preferences.
3. Select Desktop & Screen Saver.
4. Select the “Screen Saver” tab.
5. Click “Hot Corners” at the lower-right corner.

6. Select actions for each of the corners.

   PROTIP: Disable each by selecting the dash (last choice) so they don’t show up when you’re just trying to navigate to something near the edge.

7. Exit out the Preferences diaglog.
8. Move your cursor to the lower-left corner to bring it back to life.

9. Press Esc to bring the screen back.

   PROTIP: NOT having a quick way to “Put display to sleep” is considered a security vulnerability by CIS. The lower-left corner is less popular location on Mac than Windows.

Hosts file

Mac, Windows, and Linux systems have a hosts file that locally does the work of the public DNS– translating host names (typed on browser address field) to IP address numbers.

1. Show text file contents to the Terminal console:

   The default contents:

   PROTIP: fe80:: is a block of IPV6 addresses reserved for link-local addresses used for packets sent only to directly connected devices (not routed). The network discovery protocol (NDP), which replaces ARP and DHCP in IPv4, is the biggest user of link-local addresses (NDP sorta .

   fe80::1 is like 127.0.0.1 for IPV4, butactually IP address 169.254.. in IPV4, an address not often used.

   Each IPV6 interface has a different link-local address starting with fe80:: and (typically) ending with a modified version the interface’s MAC address (EUI-64 format) to ensure a unique address on a segment.

   Programs such as OpenVPN add to the bottom of the file:

   BLAH: The Linux tac command to list backward is not in Mac:

2. Show a file in -reverse (bottom-up):

   Change n2 to a different number of lines to show.

   PROTIP: This command is useful to see the lastest entries appended to the end of a large log file.

3. Expose spaces at end of lines by showing at end of every line $ end-of-line characters that are otherwise not shown. For example, in a file on every macOS:

4. Edit the hosts file on a Mac using the Atom text editor:

Terminal Ping Host

Find the IP address of a website host name:

SSH tunnel

To access a remote server through a port that is not open to the public:

1. VIDEO: Bind local port 3337 to remote host 127.0.0.1 port 6379 using user root in emkc.org

   BTW 6379 is the default port for a Redis instance.

DNS Configuration with NameBench

Analysis at one time showed this ranking by speed:

1. UltraDNS at 156.154.70.1
2. Google at 8.8.4.4, 8.8.8.8
3. OpenDNS at 208.67.222.222, 208.67.220.220, 208.67.222.220

Google Namebench tries the speed of various DNS servers from YOUR machine (which takes some time) and pops up in your browser this:

1. If you don't see the Apple icon at the top of the screen,move the cursor to the very top of the screen for a few seconds.
2. Click on the Apple icon at the upper left corner.
3. Select System Preferences.
4. Click Network.
5. Click Advanced.
6. Click DNS.
7. Click [+], copy, and paste

An example:

1. 205.171.3.65
2. 216.146.35.35
3. 192.168.0.1

Clear DNS Cache

1. Flush the DNS cache (since OSX 10.9):

   sudo dscacheutil -flushcache

   dscacheutil is the Directory Service cache utility used to Gather information, statistics, initiate queries, flush the cache:

   BTW, the equivalent for Ubuntu is
   sudo service network-manager restartwhile other Linux flavors uses
   sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart.
   Windows uses
   ipconfig /flushdns.

Different commands are needed for different versions of OS.OSX 10.10 added requirement for sudo when using the built-in discoveryutil:

sudo discoveryutil udnsflushcaches

Bash Profile Configuration

The profile file is run during boot-upto configure the terminal to define file path, shims, and autocompletion handlers.

This is the single biggest frustration with people using Linux on Mac.

One of the earliest articles on bash hereshows shell variables, environment variables, and aliases.

Each operating system has its own file name for its profile:

• With Ubuntu: Modify ~/.profile instead of ~/.bash_profile.
• With Zsh: Modify ~/.zshrc file instead of ~/.bash_profile.
• With Fish: Modify `~/.conf/fish/config.sh` to append.

PROTIP: If there is both a .bash_profile and a .profile file, boot-up only executes the first one it finds.

1. On my Yosemite Mac, open a terminal and:

2. View the file using the vi editor that comes with OSX:

According to the bash man page, .bash_profile is executed during login before the command prompt,while .bashrc is executed for interactive non-login shells such aswhen you start a new bash instance by typing /bin/bash in a terminal.

Here’s what my profile file begins:

1. Exit vi by typing :q

2. Some installers request that adding a $PATH using a command such as:

3. To execute profile with the changes:

   Alternately, to install GHC copy and paste into ~/.bash_profile:

https://github.com/gcuisinier/jenv/blob/master/README.md

• To run a Bash script while avoiding the confirmation prompt:

  set -- -f; source bootstrap.sh

Operating System Kernel

I can use Linux commands in my version of the operating system:

uname -a (a for all) or uname -rvm

returns:

14.3.0 Darwin Kernel Version 14.3.0: Mon Mar 23 11:59:05 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2782.20.48~5/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64

which is a combination of:

uname -r for release number,
uname -v for kernel version,
uname -m for model:

x86_64 for Intel or AMD 64-bit or
i*86 for 32-bit.

For more information about Darwin operating systemdeveloped at Apple, see:

• http://www.wikiwand.com/en/XNU and
• https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels

NOTE: lsb_release -awhich works on Debian, RHEL 6.6, and Ubuntu is not recognized on Gentoo nor CentOS 6,which has no folder /etc/lsb-release.

See Distriwatch.com,which describes releases of different Linux distributions.

Setup Your Mac Like a Pro

Paul Irish is one of top pros among developers, and now a Google Evangelist.He put his Mac configuration settings ongithub.com/paulirish/dotfiles. But he recommends cloning github.com/mathiasbynens/dotfiles/.

On the Git page notice that he has established an industry convention of usingProjects folder we defined earlier.

On the Git page I clicked on Clone in Desktop.

The library is called dotfiles because that’s what hidden files are called,and most configuration files are hidden.

PS1 terminal prompt setting

By default, if you have a long file name, it would leave little room to type in commands before it wraps to the next line.

To redefine what appears in the prompt,edit this file using the vi editor that comes with each Mac:vi .bashrc Copy this and paste to the bottom of the .bashrc file:

The command above uses global parameters $USER and $PWD,plus colors from this list.

Root user for sudo commands

If you try a command that responds about “permissions denied”, you need to execute as a root user.

The root user has the ability to relocate or remove required system files and to introduce new files in locations that are protected from other users. A root user has the ability to access other users’ files.

Any user with an administrator account can become the root user or reset the root password.

Under a *nix system like MacOS you must have “root” (administrative) privileges to start IP-services using ports smaller than 1024.

After MacOS install, the root or superuser account is not enabled. While it is possible to enable the root account, once enabled, if forgetten, you’ll have to reboot from the installer drive (a hassle).

1. The easiest way it to have the last command (in history) automatically retrieved so you don’t have to retype it to
   execute again under root:

   sudo !!

   It is safer and easier to use the sudo command to gain temporary root access to the system rather than logging out and logging in using root credentials.

2. Alternately, this command only reads the $SHELL variable and executes the content:

   sudo -s

   You would be prompted for a password.

   • To determine whether you’re in sudo:

   whoami

   The response “root” says you’re still in sudo rather than your user name.

   • To demote out of root:

   exit

PROTIP: There are several ways to invoke sudo*

1. This command is my preferred way to get into root for awhile because it keeps the environment variables intact:

   sudo /bin/bash

   The command above uses a non-login shell, and reads just the .bashrc of the calling user. Not all dot-files are executed.

2. If you want environment variables specific to root and be in the root home directory (rather than your user’s $HOME directory), this command executes /etc/profile, .profile, and .bashrc which defines them:

   sudo su -s

3. If you switch between Zsh and Bash, this command runs the shell specified by the password database entry of the target user as a login shell:

   sudo -i

4. If you switch between Zsh and Bash, this command runs the shell specified by the password database entry of the target user as the login shell, then executes login-specific resource files .profile, .bashrc (or .login):

   sudo -s

PATH

NOTE: The folders that bash looks into are in bin:

/bin/echo $PATH

On a fresh Yosemite, that would contain:

/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin

Each additional app adds to the front of the list:

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin

Separating the folders between colon separator:

• /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin
• /opt/local/bin
• /opt/local/sbin
• /Applications/MAMP/bin/php5/bin
• /Applications/MAMP/Library/bin
• /Applications/Adobe AIR SDK/bin
• /usr/local/bin
• /usr/bin
• /bin
• /usr/sbin
• /sbin

New folders are added to the front of the PATH using a command such as:

export PATH=<new folders>:$PATH

Depending on how you’re setup, file ~/.profile or ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login contains the path echo’d.

Or your PATH may be set in /etc/profile for all users

Create Windows-like shortcuts with parameters using text editor

http://www.jesseweb.com/coding/automator/create-windows-like-shortcuts-with-parameters/

Mac OSX doesn’t allow you to create shortcuts like Windows.OSX alias don’t allow parameters (ex. create a Screen Sharing shortcut that connects to a specific computer).

Jessie suggests this to create a Windows like shortcut with parameters in the Comments field.

Another alternativeis to use a text editor to create URL shortcut fileslike the ones Windows Internet Explorer stores its bookmarks. Apple Safari recognizes them when clicked within Finder.So they are cross-platform.

1. Copy the URL to the clipboard by pressing Command+C.
2. From within a text editor, open a new text file.
3. Type at the top of the file: [InternetShortcut]
   URL=
4. Paste from clipboard by pressing Command+V
5. Press enter/return to add a blank line under the URL line.
6. Save the file with a .url file extension.
7. From within Finder, click on the file to see it display by Safari.

Mount .dmg files using hdiutil tool

1. Mount a .dmg (Disk Image) file (substituting for /path/to/diskimage):

   The response is like:

   Note the disk from the message above to unmount (detatch):

   The same utility can mount .iso images:

IPv6 compatibility with Curl command line apps

curl http://localhost:3000

Previously, when invoked on Mac OS 10.10 (Yosemite), you needed to add a parameter to make the request use IPv4:

curl http://localhost:3000 –ipv4

Otherwise, even if the URL loads fine in a browser, you will see an error message such as:

curl: (7) Failed to connect to localhost port 3000: Connection refused

This occurs because curl, under Yosemite, uses IPv6 by default but some apps, such as LoopBack.io, by default uses IP v4.

See if you see IP v6 entries in your hosts file (::1 localhost, fe80::1%lo0 localhost). If they are there it is likely that curl is making requests using IP v6.

You can make your LoopBack app use IPv6 by specifying an IPv6 address as shown below:

Largest files taking up disk space

Linux has a ncdu (NCurses Disk Usage) utility to list files in order of how much space they occupied.

1. It’s not in macOS by default, so:

   See https://mac.softpedia.com/get/Utilities/ncdu.shtml

2. Now list files within a folder by space used:

   The command takes up the whole screen (like top), so press control+C to exit.

3. To get the directory utilitization size of the current directory:

   The response is like:

   The dot means the current folder.

4. You can specify a sub-folder named, for example, “code”:

Empty Trash

When files or folders are moved to Trash, they are sent to folder ~/.Trash.

• The ~ means it is at your user HOME folder.
• The . means it is a hidden folder.

1. List the files.

2. Count the number files in the folder by piping to the “word count” utility:

   (The -al includes hidden files and folders)

   (The find . includes files nested within folders as well)

   The above command is aliased as cf in my ~/.bash_profile.

To recover disk space taken up by files which have been moved to Trash, there are several ways:

1. Switch to the Finder and click the Finder menu to expose the menu:

2. You can click on “Empty Trash” or press the Keyboard sequence shift + command + delete.

3. If you rather not use a mouse within Finder, switch to Terminal and type this AppleScript command (which will take a while to run if there are a lot of files):

   NOTE: How to put the above command is aliased as empty in my ~/.bash_profile.

   Schedule Timed Jobs on macOS with launchd within a plist (XML) file.

Ulimit Too Many Files

By default, operating systems limit how many file descriptors to allow.Each operating system version has a different approach.

Linux operating systems have this command:

ulimit -a

On my Sierra the response was:

1. Check how many file descriptors you have:

   launchctl limit maxfiles

   On Sierra the response was:

   The first number is the “soft” number, the second one is the “hard” number.

   After fixing, the numbers I now see are:

2. Such numbers were set with a command such as:

   sudo launchctl limit maxfiles 10240 10240

   The maximum setting is 12288?

   NOTE: To change maxfiles on Sierra, define a plist. TODO: verify

   Due to security, OSX Lion removed the “unlimited” option and now requires a number to be specified.

PROTIP: launchctl is a rough equivalent to the systemctl command used in Linux systems.launchctl interfaces with launchd to load, unload daemons/agents and generally control launchd.

Disable System Integrity Protection

Some programs make calls to the operating system which OSX began to see as a threat, beginning with El Capitan.

Apple says System Integrity Protection blocks code injection (and many other things).

But what about useful programs (such as XtraFinder)which works by injecting its code into Finder and other application processes?

• For example, OpenVPN issues a JSONDialog Error “DynamicClientBase: JSONDialog: Error running jsondialog”.

To get around this, you need to partially disable System Integrity Protection in OS X El Capitan.See Apple’s article on how:

1. Run a full backup to an external USB drive.
2. Shut down all apps, then the operating system (from the Apple icon).

3. Reboot the Mac.

   This is needed because System Integrity Protection settings are stored in NVRAM on each individual Mac.So it can only be modified from the recovery environment running in NVRAM.

4. Boot OS X into Recovery Mode: hold down the command + R keys simultaneously after you hear the startup chime.

5. When the OS X Utilities screen appears, pull down the Utilities menu at the top of the screen.

6. Choose Terminal.

7. Type the following command into the terminal before hitting the return key.

8. For XtraFinder:

9. To revert SIP to original state:

Free Browsers For Mac

Skill Certification

Video course Mac OS X Support: Installation and Configureis the first of courses on Plurasight towardApple Certified Support Professional (ACSP)

Dotfile Settings from others

• https://github.com/afranken/dotfiles
• https://github.com/mathiasbynens/dotfiles

Daemons and Agents

• https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html

How To Install Internet Browser

Resources:

[2] VIDEO

[3] Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper 2012

[4] CommandLineFu.com

https://zwischenzugs.com/2018/01/06/ten-things-i-wish-id-known-about-bash/https://leanpub.com/learnbashthehardway

https://blog.flowblok.id.au/2013-02/shell-startup-scripts.htmlhttps://bitbucket.org/flowblok/shell-startup/src/default/

https://linuxaria.com/howto/7-hidden-features-of-bash

More on OSX

This is one of a series on Mac OSX:

How To Get A New Browser

How To Download A Browser Through Terminal Mac Os